The
Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI) Pre-Post
is a test designed for measuring domestic violence counseling/treatment
outcome.
The same test is
given before and after treatment, and upon posttest it automatically compares
pretest and posttest results.
The Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI) Pre-Post
has 147 items and takes 30 minutes to
complete. The Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI) Pre-Post contains six scales:
1.
Truthfulness Scale,
2.
Violence (Lethality) Scale,
3.
Control Scale,
4.
Alcohol Scale,
5.
Drugs Scale and
6.
the Stress Coping Abilities Scale. Although this outcome test evolved from the
Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI), it is different. The Domestic Violence
Inventory (DVI) Pre-Post objectively compares pretest and posttest scores. If
you want to know the effectiveness of domestic violence counseling or
treatment, you should consider the DVI Pre-Post.
Why Develop a Special Test for
Counseling/Treatment Outcome?
Because most tests that determine the severity of domestic violence incorporate
offenders' court history. And, the time referent for these tests is usually the
clients' last ten years or even their lifetime. To assess counseling/treatment
outcome or effectiveness, the test's scale scores must be able to reflect
improvement as well as deterioration. Court history can set levels below which
scores cannot go. And, long time referents introduce error variance.
Counseling/treatment outcome tests must focus on the here-and-now or the time
when the pretest and subsequent posttest are administered. Scale scores must be
able to increase, stay the same or decrease in concert with the offender's
attitude, motivation and behavior.
Why Include DVI Scales in the DVI
Pre-Post?
Because DVI scales provide relevant and important offender understanding. Each
of these scales effectively defines an offender's criminogenic needs. Each of
these six areas of inquiry carries great weight in understanding a domestic
violence offender's motivation and behavior. As noted above, these six scales
(measures) include truthfulness, violence (lethality), control, alcohol, drugs
and reactions to perceived stress. Each of these six factors are seemingly
ubiquitous in domestic violence.
Six Scales (Measures)
The six DVI Pre-Post scales (measures) are described as follows:
Truthfulness Scale:
Measures how truthful the client was at both the pretest and posttest settings.
This scale identifies denial, guardedness, problem minimization and attempts to
fake good. Comparing pretest truthfulness to posttest truthfulness can provide
considerable insight into a domestic violence offender's recovery.
Violence (Lethality) Scale:
Identifies people that are a danger to themselves and others. This scale
measures the use of force to injure, damage or destroy. Comparison of pretest
and posttest Violence (Lethality) Scale scores focuses on the major behaviors
that result in domestic violence counseling/treatment. Within the context of
DVI Pre-Post assessment, the terms "violence" and "domestic violence" are used
interchangeably.
Control Scale:
Measures a person's need to control others. In social psychology, control is
often a synonym for power and influence. Control refers to the process of
regulating and restraining others. Control has emerged as an important
criminogenic factor in domestic violence.
Alcohol Scale:
Measures the offender's use and the severity of alcohol abuse. Alcohol refers
to beer, wine and other liquors. Alcohol is all too often involved in domestic
violence settings.
Drugs Scale:
Measures illicit drug use and the severity of abuse. Drugs refer to marijuana,
crack, cocaine, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin. Illicit drugs appear to
have a growing presence in domestic violence settings.
Stress Coping Abilities Scale:
Measures the offender's ability to cope with stress, anxiety and pressure. In
addition, stress exacerbates emotional and mental health symptomatology. This
scale is a non-introversive screen for established emotional and mental health
problems.
* * * * *
The DVI has become a very popular domestic violence offender assessment
instrument throughout the United States. This has coincided with domestic
violence awareness. Today, many third parties, such as the courts, probation
departments, corrections, mental health professionals, treatment providers and
families, are interested in counseling/ treatment outcome. In brief, they want
to know if the domestic violence offender has benefited from
counseling/treatment. The DVI Pre-Post is an objective and standardized outcome
measure that helps answer these questions.
Domestic violence crime rates have risen across the U.S. These statistics
underscore the need for meaningful and accurate outcome measures. This type of
outcome information helps assess offenders' status after counseling/treatment.
Outcome measures help keep the domestic violence perpetrators' risk and needs
in perspective. Some offenders benefit from counseling/treatment; whereas,
others do not. It can be difficult making these counseling/treatment outcome
determinations. The DVI Pre-Post helps meet these needs.
Reports
In brief, there are three DVI Pre-Post reports. There is the Pretest (1st
test administration) report, the Posttest (2nd and subsequent
administrations) report, and the DVI Pretest-Posttest Comparison report. It's
the Pretest-Posttest Comparison report that people interested in
counseling/treatment outcome are most interested in. The Posttest is
automatically compared to the original Pretest findings. Within 3 minutes of
test data entry, the DVI Pretest-Posttest comparisons are made, and the
Comparison report is printed on-site. These Comparison reports summarize a lot
of information in an easily understood format.
DVI PRE-POST
In the Comparison Report, posttest findings are compared to pretest findings.
These differences are set forth quantitatively and graphically.
Reliability, Validity and Accuracy
The DVI Pre-Post has a proprietary built-in database that insures inclusion of
all administered tests in a confidential (no names) manner. Annual database
analysis demonstrates that DVI Pre-Post scales have high reliability
coefficients.
For example, internal consistencies (coefficient alphas) for DVI Pre-Post scales
are reported in the following table for domestic violence offenders screened in
the year 2002 with the DVI Pre-Post.
RELIABILITY OF THE DVI PRE-POST (N=3,250, 2002)
DVI Pre-Post
Scales
Coefficient
Alpha
Significance
Level
Truthfulness Scale
.89
p<.001
Alcohol Scale
.91
p<.001
Control Scale
.89
p<.001
Drugs Scale
.87
p<.001
Violence Scale
.91
p<.001
Stress Coping Abilities Scale
.93
p<.001
All DVI Pre-Post scales have alpha coefficients well above the professionally
accepted standard of .75 and are highly reliable. All coefficient alphas are
significant at the p<.001 level.
Early DVI Pre-Post studies used criterion measures and were validated with other
tests, e.g., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) L-Scale and
F-Scale, 16PF, Taylor-Manifest Anxiety Scale, Treatment Intervention Inventory
(TII), Defendant Questionnaire (DQ), etc.
Much of the DVI Pre-Post's research is summarized in the document "DVI: An
Inventory of Scientific Findings." And, a DVI Pre-Post research study involving
3,250 clients can be reviewed by clicking on this DVI Pre-Post Research Study
link.
Test-retest reliability is based on the administration of the DVI Pre-Post at
the pretest and posttest settings. Information on the retest intervals was not
provided by users. Upon follow-up, it was determined that the retest interval
varied between two months and nine months. In future research, we will request
specific test-retest dates. However, evaluating DVI Pretests and Posttests that
were returned resulted in the following test-retest reliability coefficients.
Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficients, N=344, Year 2002
All correlation coefficients are significant at p<.001.
Pretest-Posttest
Correlation Coefficients
Truthfulness
.54
Alcohol
.68
Control
.41
Drugs
.61
Violence
.54
Stress Coping Abilities
.51
This table demonstrates that Pretest and Posttest scale scores are significantly
correlated. The correlation coefficients are moderately high, which means that
scale scores, while highly related, are not mirror images. Differences between
Pretest and Posttest scale scores can be attributed to treatment effectiveness.
Positive moderate correlation coefficients show that clients maintain their
rank order. That is, clients who scored higher than other clients at Pretest
tended to score higher than other clients at Posttest, even though most
clients' scores were lower at Posttest.
Comparisons Between Pretest and Posttest Scale Scores (N =
344)
DVI Pre-Post Scales
Pretest
Posttest
T-value
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Truthfulness Scale
8.27
5.90
4.07
4.36
t = 8.43*
Alcohol Scale
6.38
9.19
4.50
6.65
t = 5.18*
Control Scale
7.85
7.85
4.89
5.52
t = 5.18*
Drugs Scale
4.98
7.14
3.62
5.40
t = 4.40**
Violence Scale
21.10
12.42
14.08
8.70
t = 12.20*
Stress Coping Abilities Scale
104.17
43.29
125.78
45.87
t = 9.08*
*Significant at the p<.001 level.
**Significant at the p<.01 level.
Note: The Stress Coping Abilities
Scale is reversed in that the higher the score, the better one copes with
stress.
This table shows that on average, DVI Posttest scale scores are lower than DVI
Pretest scale scores. Lower scores at posttest means that clients benefited
from having been in treatment. Furthermore, longer pre-post intervals result in
larger differences between Pretest and Posttest scores. The greatest difference
between pretest and posttest occurred on the Violence Scale, as can be seen in
the T-value column in the table. Stress Coping Abilities also showed marked
improvement at posttest.
Software
The DVI Pre-Post is available in Windows. Windows diskettes require a one-time
computer setup procedure after which DVI Pre-Post data (25 or 50 test
applications) diskettes are used to score and print reports. Training manuals
are provided, and new test users can be walked through these scoring procedures
over Behavior Data Systems, Ltd.'s (BDS) telephone line.
Proprietary DVI Pre-Post diskettes contain 25 or 50 test applications. These 3½"
diskettes score, interpret and print reports on-site. Once a DVI Pre-Post
account is established, ordered diskettes are mailed to users. Approximately
97% of orders are filled and mailed back to users the same day. When all test
applications on a data diskette are used, that diskette is returned to Behavior
Data Systems where the test data is downloaded into the DVI Pre-Post database
for subsequent database analysis.
The proprietary "delete names" program is activated by the test user with a few
keystrokes to delete all respondent names from diskettes before they are
returned to Behavior Data Systems. Deleting all respondent names insures
protection of each respondent's confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA
(federal regulation 45 C.F.R. 164.501).
Database
The DVI Pre-Post system contains a proprietary built-in database. All used DVI
Pre-Post diskettes are returned to Behavior Data Systems, and the test data is
downloaded into the DVI Pre-Post database. This expanding database allows
ongoing research and testing program summary features that were not possible
before. Ongoing research ensures quality control. Annual testing program
summaries provide for program self-evaluation.
No personal information, names, social security numbers, etc. are ever
downloaded into any test database.
Returned diskettes can be summarized on a state, department or agency basis --
at no additional cost to users. Annual Summary Reports provide information that
permits testing program review. An example annual summary report can be
reviewed by clicking on the Annual Summary Report link.
Database analysis permits ongoing cost efficient research that includes scale
alpha coefficients, ANOVA, frequency distributions, correlations, cross-tab
statistics along with reliability, validity and accuracy determinations. A DVI
Pre-Post research study involving 3,250 clients can be reviewed by clicking on
the DVI Pre-Post
Research Study link.
After downloading test data returned diskettes are destroyed.
Annual Summary Reports
Behavior Data Systems can access each of its tests' built-in databases for
statistical analysis and summarization of all tests administered in a year.
Annual Summary Reports are prepared for state, department, agency and even some
individual providers -- at no cost to them. These reports are provided as a
professional courtesy to large volume test users. Summary reports include
demographics, court-history when relevant, and test statistics (reliability,
validity and accuracy). Has anyone offered to summarize your testing program?
Annually? At no additional cost to you? Minimum testing volume for annual
reports is 350 tests. There is no maximum limit. Behavior Data Systems'
annual reports range in size from 350 tests to over 55,000 tests annually. An
example Annual Summary Report can be viewed by clicking on this Annual Summary Report link.
Staff Member Input
The DVI Pre-Post is to be used in conjunction with experienced staff judgment.
When available, court records should be reviewed, as they can contain important
information not provided or incorrectly provided by the offender. Experienced
staff should also interview the client. For these reasons, the following
statement is contained in each DVI Pre-Post report: "DVI Pre-Post results are
confidential and are considered working hypotheses. No diagnosis or decision
should be based solely upon these results. The DVI Pre-Post is to be used in
conjunction with experienced staff judgment."
Unique DVI Pre-Post Features
The
Truthfulness Scale
measures how truthful the respondent was while completing the DVI Pre-Post.
This scale identifies denial, problem minimization and faking. Many domestic
violence offenders attempt to minimize their problems. The DVI Pre-Post
Truthfulness Scale has been validated with other tests, truthfulness studies
and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) L and F-Scales. It
consists of a number of items that most people agree or disagree with. This
important scale has been demonstrated to be reliable, valid and accurate. Much
of this research is reported in the document titled "DVI: An Inventory of
Scientific Findings."
Truth-Corrected scores
have proven to be important in enhancing assessment accuracy. This
proprietary truth correction program is comparable to the MMPI K-Scale
correction methodology. The DVI Pre-Post Truthfulness Scale has been correlated
with the other five DVI Pre-Post scales. The Truth Correction equation then
converts raw scores to Truth-Corrected scores. Raw scores reflect what the
respondent wants you to know. Truth-Corrected scores reveal what the respondent
is trying to hide. Truth-Corrected scores are more accurate than raw scores.
The
Violence (Lethality) Scale
measures the respondent's propensity for using force to injure, damage
or destroy. It identifies the respondent's danger to self and others. The
growing awareness of violence in our society resulted in the inclusion of the
Violence (Lethality)
Scale in the DVI Pre-Post. When screening violence or lethality potential is
important, we recommend you use the DVI Pre-Post. Within the context of
domestic violence, the terms violence and domestic violence are used
interchangeably.
Control Scale:
In psychoanalytic theory, control is the process of restraining or regulating
impulses. In social psychology, control is often a synonym of power or
influence. In domestic violence, "control" refers to the process of
restraining, regulating or controlling others. Controlling behaviors include,
but are not limited to, pushing, swearing, intimidation and hitting. The
concept of control has become an important construct in domestic violence
research. This important area of inquiry is overlooked by other domestic
violence tests.
Substance Abuse Screening
is important because alcohol and/or drug use is often associated with domestic
violence. The
Alcohol Scale
identifies alcohol use and measures the severity of abuse. Similarly, the
Drugs Scale
identifies illicit drug use and measures the severity of abuse.
The
Stress Coping Abilities Scale
measures how well the respondent handles tension, stress and pressure. This
scale goes beyond establishing whether or not the respondent is experiencing
stress. It determines how well the respondent handles or copes with stress.
Stress exacerbates emotional and mental health symptoms. Consequently, this
scale is a non-introversive way to screen established (diagnosable) mental
health problems. A respondent scoring at or above the 90th percentile
on the Stress Coping Abilities Scale should be referred to a certified/licensed
mental health professional for a more comprehensive evaluation and diagnosis,
as warranted. This important area of inquiry is missed by other domestic
violence tests.
More than just another alcohol or
drugs test.
In addition to alcohol and drugs, the DVI Pre-Post assesses other important
areas of inquiry like truthfulness, violence (lethality), control issues and
stress coping abilities. The DVI Pre-Post is designed specifically for domestic
violence perpetrators.
Three ways to give the DVI Pre-Post.The DVI Pre-Post can be
administered in three different ways:
1.
Paper-pencil test booklet format. This is the most popular testing procedure.
English and Spanish test booklets are available.
2.
The DVI Pre-Post can be given directly on the computer screen. And,
3.
Human voice audio involves a computer and a headset. The respondent uses the
up-down arrow keys. As the respondent goes from question to answer with the
arrow key, that question or answer is highlighted on the monitor (screen) and
simultaneously read to the respondent. These three test administration modes
are discussed in the "DVI: Orientation and Training Manual." Each test
administration mode has advantages and some limitations. Behavior Data Systems
offers these three test administration modes so test users can select the test
administration mode that is best suited to their needs.
Reading impaired assessment.Reading impaired
respondents represent 20+ percent of the domestic violence perpetrators tested.
This represents a serious problem to other domestic violence tests. In
contrast, Behavior Data Systems has developed a proprietary alternative for
reading impaired assessment, which is termed "human voice audio."
Human Voice Audio.
Human Voice Audio is available in English and Spanish. It helps resolve
many reading and cultural difference issues. A person's passive vocabulary is
often greater than their active (spoken) vocabulary. Hearing items read out
loud often helps reduce cultural and communication problems. As discussed
earlier, "human voice audio" test presentation requires a computer, earphones
and simple instructions regarding how to operate the up-down arrow keys located
on the computer keyboard. Without this "human voice audio" option, a domestic
violence perpetrator testing program could be limited.
Confidentiality:Behavior Data Systems
encourages test users to delete respondent names from diskettes before they are
returned to Behavior Data Systems. This proprietary name deletion procedure
involves a few keystrokes. Once respondent names are deleted, they are gone and
cannot be retrieved. Deleting names does not delete demographics or test data,
which is downloaded into the DVI Pre-Post database for subsequent analysis.
This procedure insures client confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA
(federal regulation 45 C.F.R. 164.501).
Test Data Input Verification:
This proprietary program allows the person that inputs test data from the
answer sheet into the computer to verify the accuracy of their data input. In
brief, test data is input twice, and any inconsistencies between the first and
second data entries are highlighted until corrected. When the first and second
data entries match or are the same, the staff person may continue. Use of this
data input verification procedure is optional, yet strongly recommended by
Behavior Data Systems.
Inventory of Scientific Findings:
Much of the DVI Pre-Post research has been gathered together in one document
titled "DVI: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." This document summarizes DVI
Pre-Post research chronologically -- as the studies were completed. This
innovative chronological reporting format was established largely because of
the DVI Pre-Post database, which permits annual database analysis of all tests
administered that year. It also allows the reader to observe the evolution of
the DVI Pre-Post into a state-of-the-art assessment test.
Staff Training:
Behavior Data Systems' staff are available to
participate in DVI Pre-Post training programs scheduled by test users in the
United States. Large departments/agencies or statewide programs often are
interested in DVI Pre-Post training. Sometimes, smaller agencies or departments
get together for a joint training session on the DVI Pre-Post. Behavior Data
Systems gives attendees certificates attesting to their DVI Pre-Post training.
Staff training is also provided on Fridays at Behavior Data Systems' Phoenix
offices from 8:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. or from 1:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. These
training sessions are free. To participate, contact Behavior Data Systems at
least ten days in advance. Participation is on a first call, first scheduled
basis.
Test Unit Fee (Cost):
There is only the one fee or charge, and that is the test unit fee.
Everything else is included at no additional cost to the test user. This
includes test booklets, answer sheets, training manuals, upgrades, ongoing
database research, annual testing summary reports, staff training and support
services.
Free Examination Kit:
A 1-test DVI Pre-Post demonstration diskette is available on a 30-day cost free
basis. The examination kit contains a 1-test demo diskette, Installation CD
(with instructions), test booklet, answer sheet, training manual, One-Page
Quick Start and some descriptive information. Behavior Data Systems does want
the demonstration diskette and test booklet returned within 30 days of receipt.
To request a free examination kit, click on the Free Examination Kit Request link.
Summary
The Domestic Violence Inventory (DVI) has been modified so that it can be used
for pretest-posttest outcome comparison. After the DVI Pretest is administered,
the offender undergoes some form of intervention (counseling and/or treatment).
Upon completion of the intervention program, the client is administered the DVI
Posttest.
Each time the DVI Pre-Post is administered, it generates an automated
(computer-scored) report, which summarizes the results of that test
administration. Moreover, when the posttest is
administered,
the DVI Pre-Post program automatically compares
pretest and posttest scale scores and summarizes these results in a "comparison
report."
This comparison report is an objective comparison of pretest and posttest
scores. Consequently, these outcome measures show whether the client has
improved, stayed the same or gotten worse.
DVI PRE-POST
The DVI Pre-Post evolved from the DVI. It has 147 items and takes 30 minutes to
complete. DVI Pre-Post scores reflect the here-and-now. Scale score comparisons
can improve, stay the same or get worse. The DVI Pre-Post is an objective and
standardized outcome test. It provides empirically based scales and objectively
based outcome measures.
Selecting a Domestic Violence Offender Outcome
Instrument or Test
If you are selecting a domestic violence offender outcome assessment instrument,
the following Comparison Checklist should prove helpful. This checklist
itemizes important assessment and screening qualities. The "Other" column
represents any other test you might want to compare to the DVI Pre-Post.
TEST COMPARISON CHECKLIST
COMPARISON CATEGORIES
DVI
Pre-Post
Other
Designed Specifically for Domestic Violence Outcome
Yes
Test Reliability & Validity Research Provided
Yes
Here-and-Now Time Referent
Yes
Automated Comparison Report (outcome)
Yes
Objective Outcome Criteria (standardized)
Yes
Test Completed in 30 Minutes
Yes
On-Site Reports within 3 Minutes
Yes
Truthfulness Scale to Detect Faking
Yes
Truth-Corrected Scores for Accuracy
Yes
Three Test Administration Options
Yes
1. Paper-Pencil (English and Spanish)
Yes
2. On Computer Screen (English and Spanish)
Yes
3. Human Voice Audio (English and Spanish)
Yes
Delete Names (confidentiality) Procedure
Yes
HIPAA
(federal regulation) Compliant
Yes
Test Data Input Verification (accurate scoring)
Yes
Built-in Database
Yes
Annual Database Research (free)
Yes
Annual Test Program Summary (free)
Yes
Specific Scale Score-Related Recommendations
Yes
Alcohol and Drugs Scales
Yes
Control Scale
Yes
Violence (Lethality) Scale
Yes
Stress Coping Abilities Scale
Yes
Very Affordable Test Unit Fee
Yes
Comprehensive Assessment (Six Scales)
Yes
Easily Understood and Helpful Reports
Yes
Staff Training (free)
Yes
Examination Kits (free)
Yes
DVI Pre-Post Interpretation
Three example DVI Pre-Post reports follow this discussion of DVI Pre-Post
interpretation. They are provided as a ready reference to augment this
dialogue. There are several levels of DVI Pre-Post interpretation ranging from
viewing the DVI Pre-Post as a self-report to interpreting scale elevations and
scale interrelationships.
The following table is a starting point for interpreting DVI Pre-Post scale
scores.
SCALE RISK RANGES
Risk Category
Risk Range
Percentile
Total
Percentage
Low Risk
0 - 39%
39%
Medium Risk
40 - 69%
30%
Problem Risk
70 - 89%
20%
Severe Problem
90 - 100%
11%
A problem is not identified until a scale score is at the 70th percentile
or higher.
Elevated scale
scores
refer to percentile scores that are at or above the 70th percentile.
Severe problems
are identified by scale scores at or above the 90th percentile.
Severe problems represent the highest 11 percent of respondents evaluated with
the DVI Pre-Post. The DVI Pre-Post has been normed on thousands of domestic
violence offenders. And, this normative sample continues to expand with each
DVI Pre-Post test that is administered.
SCALE INTERPRETATION
Truthfulness Scale:
Measures how truthful the respondent was while completing the test. It
identifies guarded and defensive people who attempt to fake good. Scores at or
below the 89th percentile mean that all DVI Pre-Post scales are
accurate. Scale scores in the 70th to 89th percentile
range are accurate because they have been Truth-Corrected. Scores at or above
the 90th percentile mean that all DVI Pre-Post scales are inaccurate
(invalid) because the respondent was overly guarded, read things into test
items that aren't there, was minimizing problems, or was attempting to fake
answers. Respondents with reading impairments might also score in this 90th
to 100th percentile scoring range. If not consciously deceptive,
respondents with elevated Truthfulness Scale scores are uncooperative, fail to
understand test items or have a need to appear in a good light. The
Truthfulness Scale score is important because it shows whether or not the
respondent answered DVI Pre-Post test items honestly.
Truthfulness Scale scores at or below the 89th
percentile indicate that all other DVI Pre-Post scale scores are accurate.
One of the first things to check when reviewing a DVI Pre-Post report is
the Truthfulness Scale score. The Truthfulness Scale can be interpreted
independently. Truthfulness Scale scores override all other DVI Pre-Post scale
scores.
Violence (Lethality) Scale:
Identifies respondents that are dangerous to themselves and others. It is
defined as the expression of rage and hostility through physical force.
Violence is aggression in its most extreme and unacceptable form. Within the
context of DVI Pre-Post assessment, the terms "violence" and "domestic
violence" are used interchangeably. Elevated scorers can be demanding,
sensitive to perceived criticism and are insightless about how they express
their anger/hostility. Severe Problem scorers should not be ignored, as they
are threatening, very dangerous and at risk. A particularly unstable and
perilous situation involves an elevated Violence Scale with an elevated Alcohol
Scale or Drugs Scale score.
The higher the elevation of these scale scores
(e.g., Severe Problem range) with the Violence Scale, the worse the prognosis.
An elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale with an elevated Violence
Scale score provides insight regarding co-determinants and possible treatment
recommendations. An elevated Control Scale in combination with an elevated
Violence Scale score suggests a rigidly hostile characterological pattern. Loss
of control results in punitive consequences; whereas, lack of control is
anxiety inducing. The Violence Scale score can be interpreted independently or
in combination with other DVI Pre-Post scale scores.
Control Scale:
"Control" is a complex psychological term. Some researchers are
interested in the dynamics of controlling others. The DVI Pre-Post Control
Scale measures one's need to control others. In social psychology, control is
often a synonym for power or influence. Within the context of domestic
violence, control refers to the process of regulating, restraining or
controlling others. These controlling behaviors vary from normal (mild) to
pathological (severe). Control-related behavior pathology focuses on
exaggerated, distorted or extreme behaviors like swearing, pushing,
intimidating, hitting and even battering. Without getting into a discussion of
a variety of control theories, the construct "control" has become important in
understanding domestic violence. The significance of control is reflected in
domestic violence perpetrators' difficulty in giving up control and their
resistance to treatment.
An elevated (70th to
89th percentile) Control Scale score indicates the presence of
regulating, restraining and controlling behaviors. Scores in the Severe Problem
(90th to 100th percentile) range identify extreme and
even pathological controlling behaviors. Elevated Control Scale scorers have a
need to control others. Anything that interferes with this sense of control is
frustrating and can be threatening. These people often have a lot of friction
or conflict in their relationships.
An elevated Control Scale score with an elevated Violence Scale score is usually
a malignant sign. The height of these scale scores is important. Scores in the
Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile) range should
not be ignored, as they are indicative of a dangerous person. Similarly, an
elevated substance (Alcohol or Drugs Scale) abuse score in conjunction with an
elevated Control Scale score is problematic. Alcohol and/or drug involvement
can exacerbate control issues. An elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale score
with an elevated Control Scale score may help in understanding the respondent's
situation. A person that doesn't handle stress well is likely to experience
symptom magnification. In summary, the Control Scale can be interpreted
independently or in conjunction with other DVI Pre-Post scale scores.
Alcohol Scale:
Measures alcohol use and the severity of abuse. Alcohol refers to beer,
wine and other liquor. An elevated (70th to 89th percentile)
Alcohol Scale score is indicative of an emerging drinking problem. An Alcohol
Scale score in the Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile)
range identifies serious drinking problems.
Since a history of alcohol problems could result in an abstainer (current
non-drinker) attaining a Low to Medium Risk score, precautions have been built
into the DVI Pre-Post to correctly identify "recovering alcoholics." Several
DVI Pre-Post items are printed in the "Significant Items" section of the DVI
Pre-Post report for quick reference. These alcohol items include the following:
admits drinking is a problem (item #27), indicates drinking problem (item #86),
"recovering
alcoholic" (item #146),
describes seriousness of own drinking (item #132) and states own desire for
alcohol treatment (item #136). In addition, the Alcohol Scale risk range
paragraphs (printed for elevated scores) clearly state that the respondent may
be a "recovering alcoholic."
In intervention and treatment settings, the respondent's Alcohol Scale score
helps staff work through the respondent's denial. Most people accept the
objective and standardized Alcohol Scale score as accurate and relevant in
comparison to a person's subjective opinion. This is particularly true when it
is explained that elevated scores don't occur by chance. The respondent must
answer a definite pattern of alcohol-related admissions for elevated scores to
occur. And, scale scores are based on thousands of respondents who have
completed the DVI Pre-Post.
An elevated Alcohol Scale score
in conjunction with other elevated scores magnifies the severity of the other
elevated scores.
For example, if you have a respondent with an elevated Violence Scale who also
has an elevated Alcohol Scale score, that person is even more dangerous when
drinking. In summary, the Alcohol Scale can be interpreted independently or in
conjunction with other elevated scores.
Drugs Scale:
Measures illicit drug use and the severity of abuse. Drugs refer to
marijuana, cocaine, crack, ice, amphetamines, barbiturates and heroin. These
are illicit substances. An elevated (70th to 89th percentile)
Drugs Scale score is indicative of an emerging drug problem. A Drugs Scale
score in the Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile)
range identifies serious illicit drug abusers.
A history of drug-related problems could result in an abstainer (drug history,
but not presently using drugs) attaining a Low to Medium Risk score.
Precautions have been built into the DVI Pre-Post to correctly identify
"recovering drug abusers." Several DVI Pre-Post items are printed in the
"Significant Items" section of the DVI Pre-Post report for easy reference.
These items include: used within last 30 days (item #25), admits using
non-prescription drugs (item #35), rates severity of own drug use (item #133)
and states desire for drug treatment (item #137). In addition, the elevated
Drugs Scale paragraphs clearly state the respondent may be a "recovering"
(item #146)
drug abuser.
In intervention and treatment settings, the respondent's Drugs Scale score helps
staff work through client denial.
And, an elevated Drugs Scale score in conjunction
with other elevated scale scores magnifies the severity of the other elevated
scores. For example, an
elevated Violence Scale in conjunction with an elevated Drugs Scale score
increases the severity and risk associated with the Violence Scale. In summary,
the Drugs Scale can be interpreted independently or in conjunction with other
elevated scales.
Stress Coping Abilities Scale:
Measures how well the respondent copes with stress. It is now known that
stress exacerbates symptoms of mental and emotional problems. Thus, an elevated
Stress Coping Abilities Scale score in conjunction with other elevated DVI
Pre-Post scale scores helps explain the respondent's situation. For example,
when a person doesn't handle stress well, other existing problems are
exacerbated. This problem augmentation applies to substance (alcohol and other
drugs) abuse, violence (lethality), control issues and stress-related problems.
An elevated Stress Coping Abilities Scale score can also exacerbate emotional
and mental health symptomatology. When a Stress Coping Abilities Scale score is
in the Severe Problem (90th to 100th percentile) range,
it is likely that the respondent has a diagnosable mental health problem. In
these instances, referral to a certified/licensed mental health professional is
warranted to obtain a diagnosis, prognosis and treatment plan. Lower elevated
scores suggest less intensive referral alternatives like a stress management
program. In summary, the Stress Coping Abilities Scale can be interpreted
independently or in conjunction with other elevated scales.
Test Unit Fee (Cost):
There is only the one cost or charge, and that is the test unit fee.
Everything else is included at no additional cost to the test user. This
includes test booklets, answer sheets, training manuals, upgrades, ongoing
database research, annual summary testing reports, staff training, and support
services. Do not be misled by some test publishers' à la carte pricing like
separate costs for each test administration as well as for each of the
test-related items listed above. Instead of asking for the test administration
cost, ask for the total cost involved in using a test. We believe Behavior Data
Systems' one test unit fee is very affordable.
In conclusion, it was noted that there are several levels of DVI Pre-Post
interpretation ranging from viewing the DVI Pre-Post as a self-report to
interpreting scale elevations and interrelationships. Scale scores can also be
interpreted individually. Staff can then put DVI Pre-Post findings within the
context of the respondent's life and domestic violence situation.
2.
Posttest Report (second and subsequent test reports)
3.
Comparison Report
DVI PRE-POST
* * * * *
The three DVI Pre-Post reports (Pretest, Posttest and Comparison) are
presented sequentially. The Pretest Report is presented first. The
Posttest Report is presented second.
The DVI Pretest and DVI Posttest
reports are the same except for their name.
The Comparison Report is presented third.
The
DVI Pre-Post Pretest
is administered at program intake. This report serves as a baseline for
subsequent DVI Pre-Post tests. Regardless of how many posttests are given, they
are always compared to the Pretest results.
This completes the presentation of the DVI Pre-Post Pretest report. The Pretest
report becomes the Comparison report for subsequent DVI Pre-Post test
administrations. In other words, subsequent posttests can be compared to this
Pretest report.
The
DVI Pre-Post Posttest
is administered anytime after the Pretest. It can be administered at scheduled
intervals (e.g., 1st month, 3rd month, 9th month
or 12th month intervals) or upon counseling/treatment program
completion. The Posttest can be administered more than once.
This completes the presentation of the DVI Pre-Post Posttest report. In spite of
the standard outline or format, Posttest reports are highly individualized.
Posttest report data is always compared to Pretest results, and this leads to
the Comparison report.
The DVI Pre-Post is an objective and standardized
outcome
test. It incorporates empirically based scales and objectively based outcome
measures. The Pretest is the standard against which all subsequent Posttests
are compared.
The
Comparison Report
is generated when the Posttest is administered. By definition, Posttest
is after Pretest administration. It is the Comparison Report that compares
Pretest and Posttest scores.
Additional information can be provided upon request by writing:
Behavior Data Systems, Ltd. P.O. Box 44256 Phoenix, Arizona 85064-4256
Our telephone number is (602) 234-3506.
Our fax number is (602) 266-8227.
and our e-mail address is
bds@bdsltd.com.
