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Objective and accurate sex offender screening

APPLICATIONS

** Sexual Adjustment Inventory and SAI-Juvenile **

Sexual offender assessment and screening   Identification of sexually deviate and paraphiliac behavior   Psychologists and certified/licensed mental health professionals   Court-related sexual offender assessment staff   Probation departments and correctional programs sexual offender screening   Specialized sex offender caseloads in probation, corrections and treatment programs   Sex offender counseling and treatment programs

Description

The Sexual Adjustment Inventory, or SAI, is designed to identify sexually deviate and paraphiliac behavior in people accused, or convicted of sexual offenses. The SAI has 225 items and takes an hour to complete. SAI reports are scored and printed on-site, within 3 minutes. The SAI has 13 measures (scales):

1. Test Item Truthfulness Scale, 2. Sex Item Truthfulness Scale, 3. Sexual Adjustment Scale, 4. Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale, 5. Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale, 6. Exhibitionism Scale, 7. Incest Classification, 8. Violence (Lethality) Scale, 9. Alcohol Scale, 10. Drug Scale, 11. Antisocial Scale, 12. Distress Scale, and 13. Impulsiveness Scale.

The SAI has been standardized on thousands of sex offenders. It includes sexual deviance and commonly associated, problematic attitudes, substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse, and behavioral disorder screens. The SAI is a comprehensive, sex offender assessment instrument, or test. And, it is a popular sex offender screening instrument.

Thirteen SAI Scales

1. Sex Item Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the client was while answering sex-related questions. The SAI has a very open or candid approach to sex-related items and makes no attempt to trick or deceive the respondent. Consequently, sex-related items are easily recognized. Somebody, who wants to minimize sex-related problems or concerns, might answer non-sex-related items honestly, but minimize or lie when answering sex-related items. In that case, (minimize or lie to sex-related items) the Sex Item Truthfulness Scale would detect the client's problem minimization and lying to sex-related items.

The Sex Item Truthfulness Scale has been correlated with all sex-related scales. Then, each sex-related scale's proprietary, conversion equation transforms raw scale scores to Truth-Corrected, percentile scores. Truth-Corrected scale scores are more accurate than a scale's raw score.

Sex-related scales include: Sex Item Truthfulness Scale, Sexual Adjustment Scale, Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale, Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale, Exhibitionism Scale, and the Incest Classification.

Elevated (at or above the 70^th percentile) scores indicate the respondent is minimizing problems and attempting to fake good. However, Truth-Corrected scale scores in the Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) range indicate that all sex-related scale scores are accurate. Sex Item Truthfulness Scale scores at, or above the 90^th percentile indicate that all sex-related scale scores are not accurate. This means that all sex-related scale scores are inaccurate or invalid. In contrast, a Sex Item Truthfulness Scale score at, or below the 89^th percentile, means that all sex-related scale scores are accurate. This is discussed in the "SAI: Orientation and Training Manual."

"Demonstrated reliability,
validity and accuracy"

2. Test Item Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the client was while completing the test's non-sex-related items. Clients can distinguish between sex-related and non-sex related items. And, some respondents might only minimize or lie to non-sex-related items. Non-sex-related scales include: Test Item Truthfulness Scale, Alcohol Scale, Drug Scale, Violence (Lethality) Scale, Antisocial Scale, Distress Scale, and the Impulsiveness Scale.

A Test Item Truthfulness Scale, in the Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) range, means that non-sex-related scale scores are accurate, because they have been Truth-Corrected. Test Item Truthfulness Scale scores at, or below the 89^th percentile mean all non-sex-related scales are accurate. Test Item Truthfulness Scale scores, in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range, mean that all non-sex-related scale scores are inaccurate or invalid.

The Test Item Truthfulness Scale has been correlated with all the non-sex-related scales. Then, each scale's proprietary, conversion equation transforms raw scores to Truth-Corrected percentile scores.  Raw scores reflect what the client wants you to know. Truth-Corrected scores reveal what the client is trying to hide. Truth-Corrected scores are more accurate than raw scores.

Comparison of the Test Item Truthfulness Scale score with the Sex Item Truthfulness Scale score can provide insight, regarding the client's test taking motivation. The higher of these two scores, usually, represents the client's greatest area of concern. This is why these, two, truthfulness scales (Sex Item and Test Item) are presented together on the first page of the SAI report.

3. Sexual Adjustment Scale: Measures the client's self-reported, sexual adjustment. A high score reveals sexual dissatisfaction in a person, with an impaired or unsatisfying sexual lifestyle, or adjustment.

The Sexual Adjustment Scale includes sex-related items that most people in our society would agree, or disagree with. Norming the Sexual Adjustment Scale on both, normals and deviates allows comparison scoring. The greater the difference, the greater the impairment.

For example, a client could have an elevated, Sexual Adjustment Scale score, along with other sexual deviate scores. The "other," elevated scale score(s) could add guilt, concern, or distress to the respondent's perceived sexual adjustment.

The Sexual Adjustment Scale score provides a background from which other sex-related issues can be better understood. For example, is the person manifesting a high Child Molest Scale score satisfied or not satisfied, with their sexual adjustment? Similar insights could apply to other sex-related (child molest, sexual assault, exhibitionism, and incest) scale scores.

4. Child Molest (Pedophile) Scale: Measures a person's sexual interests, urges, and fantasies involving prepubescent children. Pedophilia is a pathological, sexual interest in children. Isolated sexual acts with a child do not necessarily warrant the classification of pedophilia. And, the child molester is, often, unable to comprehend the reason for his/her actions.

Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) range scorers have a greater than average interest in young boys and/or girls. Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) risk scorers have an abnormal interest in children (young boys and/or girls).

Consequences associated with Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) Child Molest Scale scores vary, according to the evaluation's purpose. For example, pedophile classification, referrals to a licensed mental health professional for a diagnosis and treatment plan, probation/incarceration decision making, and treatment options are representative of such outcomes.

5. Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale: Measures sexual assault proneness. Rape refers to sexual assault or sexual intercourse against the will, and over the objections, of the partner. It is, often, accompanied by force or the threat of force.

Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) range scorers have more than an average, interest in aggressive sex and, often, fantasize about forceful sex against the will of their partners. They are capable of sexual assault. Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) risk scorers have a high probability of sexual assault.

The role of non-sex-related SAI scales becomes apparent in court-related sexual assault evaluations. For example, substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse, violence (lethality) potential, and a person's impulsiveness are very, common areas of inquiry. The 13 SAI scales were selected because they provide important information, on their own merits and, in terms of their relationship with each other.

"Appropriate for both
misdemeanor and felony cases"

6. Exhibitionism Scale: Measures a person's need to expose their sex organs to unsuspecting individuals. Exhibitionists are often identified by the repetitive, compulsive, and patterned nature of their acts.

An elevated, (70^th percentile or higher) Exhibitionism Scale score identifies people with exhibitionistic tendencies. Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) scorers have a high probability of being exhibitionists.

7. Incest Classification: Measures incestuous behavior, i.e., having sexual relations with a family member. Incest refers to coitus between persons related by blood or marriage, e.g., parents, siblings, or children. Non-coital forms of sexual intercourse do not constitute incest.

8. Alcohol Scale: Measures alcohol use and the severity of abuse. Alcohol refers to beer, wine, and other liquor. It is a licit or legal substance. An elevated, (70^th to 89^th percentile) Alcohol Scale score is indicative of an emerging, drinking problem. An Alcohol Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies serious drinking problems.

A history of alcohol problems could result in an abstainer (current non-drinker) attaining a Low to Medium Risk score on the alcohol scale. Consequently, precautions have been built into the SAI to correctly identify "recovering alcoholics."

The client's answer to the "recovering alcoholic" question (item 216) is printed on page 5 of the SAI report, for easy reference. In addition, elevated Alcohol Scale paragraphs caution staff to clarify if the client is a recovering alcoholic.

In interview and treatment settings, the Alcohol Scale score helps staff work through client denial. Most clients accept the objective and standardized Alcohol Scale score as accurate and relevant. This is, particularly, true when it is explained that elevated scores don't occur by chance. Clients must answer a definite pattern of alcohol-related admissions, for an elevated score to occur.

9. Drug Scale: Measures drug use and the severity of abuse. Drugs refer to marijuana, crack, cocaine, ice, amphetamines, barbiturates, and heroin. These are illicit substances. An elevated, (70^th to 89^th percentile) Drugs Scale score is indicative of an emerging drug problem. A Drugs Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies serious illicit drug users.

Similar to the Alcohol Scale, a history of drug-related problems could result in an abstainer (drug history, but not presently using or abusing drugs) attaining a Low to Medium Risk score. Precautions have been built into the SAI to correctly, identify "recovering" drug abusers.

The client's answer to the "recovering drug abuser" question (item 216) is printed on page 5 of the SAI report, for easy reference. In addition, elevated Drug Scale paragraphs caution staff to clarify if the client is a recovering drug abuser.

In intervention and treatment settings, the client's Drug Scale score helps staff work through client denial. This is, particularly, effective when it is explained to the client that the SAI is a standardized assessment instrument that has been administered to thousands of defendants and patients.

When both, the Drug and Alcohol Scales are elevated, the higher score, typically, represents the client's substance of choice. When both, the Alcohol and Drug Scales are in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range, polysubstance abuse is likely.

"Includes a Violence
(Lethality) Scale"

10. Violence (Lethality) Scale: Measures the client's use of physical force to injure, damage, or destroy. The Violence Scale identifies people, who are dangerous to themselves and others.

An ever-present concern, when evaluating sex offenders is their violence and lethality potential. An elevated, (70^th to 89^th percentile) Violence Scale score is indicative of emerging violent behavior in a potentially, dangerous person. A Violence Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies very, dangerous individuals. Excluding the two truthfulness scales, Violence Scale findings are of interest when reviewing both, sex-related scales and non-sex-related scale scores. This wide, applicability emphasizes the important role of the Violence Scale in the SAI.

11. Antisocial Scale: Measures the attitudes and behavior of selfish, ungrateful, callous, and egocentric people, who seem to be devoid of responsibility and, fail to learn from experience. From a social perspective, their conduct, often, appears hostile, with little guilt or remorse. Extreme cases are called sociopaths.

An elevated, (70^th to 89^th percentile) Antisocial Scale score identifies people in an early antisocial stage of development. An Antisocial Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies people with severe antisocial attitudes. Court-related evaluators are, increasingly, interested in exploring a defendant's antisocial tendencies. This reflects the growing awareness of the role of antisocial attitudes and thinking in violent crimes.

12. Distress Scale: Measures two, symptom clusters (anxiety and depression) that, taken together, represent distress. The blending of these symptom clusters is clear in the definition of dysphoria, i.e., a generalized feeling of anxiety, resentment, and depression.

Anxiety is an unpleasant, emotional state characterized by apprehension, stress, nervousness, and tension. Depression refers to a dejected, emotional state that includes melancholy, dysphoric mood, and despair. Added together, you have a very uncomfortable person, who may be overwhelmed and, in extreme cases, on the verge of giving up.

An elevated, (70^th to 89^th percentile) Distress Scale score identifies hurting individuals, who need help. A Distress Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies people on the verge of being emotionally overwhelmed. These individuals are, often, desperate and need help. Consideration might be given to referring such individuals to a certified/licensed, mental health professional for a diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment plan.

13. Impulsiveness Scale: Impulsiveness is, often, described as activities abruptly engaged in, without forethought, reflection, or consideration of consequences. Impulsive people are characterized by a tendency to act hastily and without reflection.

Impulsivity has been linked to sex offenses, violence, and substance abuse (alcohol and other drugs). As noted earlier, impulsiveness characterizes offenders, who do things on the spur of the moment, with little forethought or consideration of consequences. Elevated, Impulsiveness Scale scores (or impulsiveness per se) can interact with all SAI scales (both sex-related and non-sex-related scales). Consequently, elevated, Impulsiveness Scale scores can be problematic by themselves, or even more so, in combination with other elevated SAI scales.

An elevated, (70^th percentile or higher) Impulsiveness Scale score characterizes people, who are impulsive and, often, act without deliberation. Although quick to act or respond, these people are not out of control. Severe Problem Risk (90 to 100^th percentile) scorers are very, impulsive people, who typically act without forethought or consideration of consequences, in most areas, if not all, of their lives. Impulsivity could be a factor in their offending, if such were to occur. Impulsiveness could be an important, contributing factor in sexual offending, per se.

The SAI-Juvenile is adapted from the Sexual Adjustment Inventory. It identifies sexual deviance and paraphilias in juveniles accused, or convicted of sex offenses. Click on the following link to go to the SAI-Juvenile webpage.

"Both adult and juvenile
sex offender tests"

SUMMARY

In summary, the SAI assesses attitudes and behaviors that yield a sex offender profile. Paper-pencil test administration takes, on average, one hour. SAI tests are computer-scored on-site, with reports printed in 3 minutes.

The SAI is an automated, (computer-scored) sex offender, assessment instrument, or test. It is much, more than just another alcohol or drug test. The thirteen, SAI scales collect a vast amount of information that is important in sex offender evaluation. It measures important attitudes and behaviors, missed by other tests. Each SAI scale score is classified in terms of the severity of risk it represents. These risk ranges are:

SAI RISK RANGES
Risk Range	Risk Range Percentile
Low Risk	0 - 39%
Medium Risk	40 - 69%
Problem Risk	70 - 89%
Severe Problem	90 - 100%

An elevated score is a scale score at, or above the 70^th percentile. A Problem Risk score is a scale score between the 70^th and 89^th percentile. A Severe Problem score is at, or above the 90^th percentile.

SAI Report

In brief, SAI reports summarize the client's self-reported history, explain what attained scores mean, and offer specific, score-related recommendations.

Within 3 minutes of test data entry, automated, (computer-scored) 5-page reports are printed on-site. These reports summarize a lot of information in an easily understood format. For example, these reports include an SAI profile (graph) for sex-related scales (page 2) and non-sex-related scales (page 3), which summarize client findings at a glance. Also, included are attained scale scores, an explanation of what each score means, and specific, score-related recommendations.

Significant items (direct admissions) are highlighted, and answers to the built-in interview (the last sequence of multiple-choice items) are presented. Emphasis is placed on having meaningful reports that are easily understood.

To go directly to the example SAI report, click on the SAI Report link. After reviewing the report, you can return to this section by clicking on the "Return to SAI Reports Section" link.

Software

The SAI is available in Windows diskettes. Windows diskettes require a one-time, computer setup procedure, after which, SAI data diskettes are used. Training manuals are provided, and new test users can be walked through these procedures, over Behavior Data Systems, Ltd.'s (BDS') telephone line.

Proprietary, SAI diskettes contain 25 or 50 test applications. These 3½" diskettes score, interpret and print SAI reports on-site. Once, an SAI, account is established, ordered diskettes are mailed to users. When all test applications are used, diskettes are returned to Behavior Data Systems where the test data and demographics are downloaded into the SAI database, for subsequent, research analysis. The proprietary, "delete names" program is activated by the test user with a few keystrokes, to delete all client names from diskettes, before they are returned to Behavior Data Systems. Deleting all client names insures client confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (federal regulation 45 C.F.R. 164.501).

The "SAI: Orientation and Training Manual" explains how the SAI works, and should be read by staff. The "SAI: Computer Operating Guide" explains how to score tests, print or store reports, and discusses other, unique SAI computer-related features.

"Provides a sound empirical
basis for decisions"

SAI Database

The SAI test contains a proprietary, database. Earlier, it was noted that all SAI, used diskettes are returned to Behavior Data Systems, and the test data, along with related demographics (age, gender, ethnicity, etc.) are downloaded into the SAI database. This database allows ongoing research and testing program summary -- capabilities that were not possible before. Ongoing research insures quality control. Test program summaries provide program self-evaluation.

The built-in database permits ongoing research and annual program summary -- at no additional cost. As discussed earlier, when the 25 or 50 tests on a diskette are used, that diskette is returned to Behavior Data Systems, checked for any viruses, and downloaded into the expanding, SAI database. This proprietary database includes thousands of sex offenders' test data. Advantages of a built-in database are many, and include database (research) analysis and annual summary reports.

Returned diskettes can be summarized on a state, institution, department, or agency basis -- at no additional cost to users. Annual summary reports provide information for testing program self-evaluation. An example, annual summary report can be reviewed by clicking on the Annual Summary Reports link.

In summary, having all, used, SAI test data centrally filed at Behavior Data Systems' offices in the SAI database, has many advantages. Database analysis permits ongoing, cost efficient research that includes scale alpha coefficients, frequency distributions, correlations, ANOVA, cross-tab statistics, along with reliability, validity, and accuracy determinations. We continue to study the effects of demographics, as they relate to sex offenders' behavior. An SAI research study can be reviewed by clicking on the SAI Research Study link.

Annual Summary Reports

Behavior Data Systems can access each of its tests' built-in databases, for statistical analysis and summarization, of all tests administered in a year. Annual Summary Reports are prepared for state, department, agency and, even, some individual providers -- at no cost to them. These reports are provided as a professional courtesy to large volume test users. Summary reports include demographics, court-history, when relevant, and test statistics (reliability, validity, and accuracy). Has anyone offered to summarize your testing program? Annually? At no additional cost to you? Minimum testing volume for annual reports is 350 tests. There is no maximum limit. Behavior Data Systems' annual reports range in size from 350 tests to over 55,000 tests, annually. An example, Annual Summary Report can be viewed by clicking on this Annual Summary Reports link.

Reliability, Validity, and Accuracy

The SAI has a built-in database that insures inclusion of all tests administered, in a confidential (no names) manner. These reliability, validity, and accuracy statistics are reported in the document titled "SAI: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." Annual database analysis has shown that SAI scales maintain very, high, reliability coefficients and minimum, interscale corrections.

An SAI, research study, involving 3,616 sex offenders, is presented at the end of this webpage. To go directly to this research, click on the SAI Research Study link. This research link is also repeated at the end of this webpage.

The internal consistencies (coefficient alphas) for SAI scales are reported in the following table, for 1,318 sex offenders screened in the year 2000. This is one of several analyses done in the year 2000.

 

SAI RELIABILITY (N=1,318, 2000)
SAI Scales	Coefficient Alpha	Significance Level
Test Item Truthfulness	.88	p<.001
Sex Item Truthfulness	.85	p<.001
Sexual Adjustment	.85	p<.001
Child Molest	.85	p<.001
Sexual Assault	.87	p<.001
Exhibitionism	.85	p<.001
Incest Classification	.84	p<.001
Alcohol Scale	.94	p<.001
Drug Scale	.92	p<.001
Violence Scale	.89	p<.001
Antisocial Scale	.86	p<.001
Distress Scale	.88	p<.001
Impulsiveness Scale	.84	p<.001

All SAI scales have alpha coefficients well above the professionally accepted standard of .75, and are highly reliable. All coefficient alphas are significant at the p<.001 level.

SAI research extends over 8 years. Many studies have been conducted, on thousands of sex offenders, using several validation methods. The SAI was validated with other tests, e.g., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Much of this research is summarized in the document titled "SAI: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." Subsequently, discriminant validity, (first versus multiple offenders) and predictive validity (treatment versus non-treatment) database analysis studies support SAI reliability and validity. This database research is ongoing. To review additional research, click on the SAI Research Study.

Research Publication: Nebraska Probation Department's Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP) selection process was automated with Behavior Data Systems tests. These tests include the Driver Risk Inventory-II, SAQ-Adult Probation III, Domestic Violence Inventory, and the ACDI-Corrections Version II. This research is reported in Edward C. Birkel and David L. Wegner's article (2000). "Accurate Intensive Supervision Probation Selection: Revisited." American Probation and Parole Association, Prospectives, Vol. 24, #4 Fall, pp. 18-21. To read this article, click on the Perspectives Research Article link.

"State-of-the-art in
sex offender screening"

Advantages of Screening

Screening or assessment instruments filter out individuals with serious problems that may require referral for further evaluation and, where warranted, treatment. This filtering system works as follows:

SAI RISK RANGES
Risk Category	Risk Range Percentile	Total Percentage
Low Risk	0 - 39%	39%
Medium Risk	40 - 69%	30%
Problem Risk	70 - 89%	20%
Severe Problem	90 -100%	11%

Reference to the above table shows that a problem is not identified until a scale score is at the 70^th percentile or higher, and these risk range percentiles are based upon SAI database analysis. This procedure is, eminently, fair and avoids extremes, i.e., over-identification and under-identification of problems.

An agency or departmental policy might refer clients, with identified problems, (70^th percentile and higher or 31%) for further evaluation, intervention, or treatment services. In this case, 31% of the sex offenders screened (Problem Risk and Severe Problem) would be referred. Or, policy might only refer clients with serious problems (Severe Problem, 11%) for additional services. In these examples, 69% or 89% (contingent upon adopted policy) of the people screened would not be referred for additional (and expensive) services.

Budgetary savings (dollars) would be large, with no compromises in clients receiving appropriate evaluation and/or treatment services. Indeed, more sex offenders would receive help. Without an objective screening program, there is more risk of over or under-utilization of additional, professional services.

Staff Member Input: The SAI is to be used in conjunction with experienced staff judgment. When available, adjustment records should be reviewed, as they can contain important information not provided, or incorrectly provided by the client. Experienced staff should, also, interview the client. For these reasons, the following statement is contained in each, SAI report: "Sexual Adjustment Inventory (SAI) results are confidential and should be considered working hypotheses. No diagnosis or decision should be based, solely, upon SAI results. The SAI is to be used in conjunction with experienced staff judgment and review of available records."

Unique SAI Features

Test Item Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the sex offender was while answering non-sex-related items. The non-sex-related scales include: Alcohol, Drug, Violence (Lethality), Antisocial, Distress, and the Impulsiveness Scales.

Sex Item Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the sex offender was while answering sex-related items. The sex-related scales include: Sexual Adjustment, Child (Pedophile) Molest, Sexual (Rape) Assault, Exhibitionism Scales, and the Incest Classification.

Truth-Corrected Scores: Are very important for assessment accuracy. These proprietary, truth-correction programs are comparable to the MMPI K-Scale correction. The two, SAI Truthfulness Scales have been correlated with the scales they truth-correct, which are listed above. These two, scales are: 1. Test Item Truthfulness Scale and 2. Sex Item Truthfulness Scale. Truth-Correction equations, then, convert raw scores to Truth-Corrected Scores. Truth-Corrected scores are more accurate than raw scores.

Comprehensive Scoring With One Test. In addition to truthfulness measures, to determine if the sex offender is minimizing problems or faking good, the SAI screens sexual deviate and paraphiliac behaviors. And, the SAI doesn't stop there. In addition to sex-related scales, like Sexual Adjustment, Child Molest, Sexual Assault, Exhibitionism, and Incest, the SAI assesses non-sexual attitudes and behaviors that are commonly associated with sexual abuse. Here, we are speaking of the Alcohol Scale, Drug Scale, Violence (Lethality) Scale, Antisocial Scale, Distress Scale, and Impulsiveness Scale. Consequently, the SAI measures many attitudes and behaviors missed by other tests. These behaviors are important in understanding sexual offenders. The SAI is, specifically, designed for comprehensive, sex offender assessment. It provides the information needed for understanding sexual offenders and their behavior.

Three ways to give the SAI: The SAI can be administered in three, different ways: 1. Paper-pencil test booklet format is the most popular testing procedure. SAI test booklets are available in English and Spanish. 2. SAI tests can be given directly, on the computer screen. Some sex offender programs dedicate computers for SAI testing in English or Spanish. 3. Human Voice Audio in English and Spanish. Human Voice Audio presentation of the SAI requires a headset and simple instructions for using the computer, up-down, arrow keys. As the client goes from question to answer, that question or answer is highlighted on the screen (monitor) and, simultaneously, read to the client. These three, SAI administration modes are discussed in the "SAI: Orientation and Training Manual."

Each test administration mode has advantages and some limitations. Behavior Data Systems offers these three, testing modes so test users can select the administration mode that is, optimally, suited to their needs.

"Alternatives for reading
impaired assessment"

Reading impaired assessment: Reading impaired clients represent 20+ percent of sex offenders tested. This represents a serious problem to other sex offender tests. In contrast, Behavior Data Systems has developed an alternative for dealing with this problem: Human Voice Audio.

Human Voice Audio: Presentation of the SAI in English and Spanish helps resolve many reading problems and cultural difference issues. Clients' passive vocabularies (what they hear) are often greater than their active vocabularies (what they speak). Hearing items read out loud, often, helps reduce both cultural and communication problems. This SAI Human Voice Audio administration mode requires a computer, earphones, and simple instructions regarding how to operate the up-down, arrow keys on the computer keyboard.

Confidentiality: Behavior Data Systems encourages test users to delete client names from diskettes, before they are returned to Behavior Data Systems. Once client names are deleted, they are gone and cannot be retrieved. Deleting client names does not delete demographics or test data, which is downloaded into the SAI database, for subsequent analysis. This proprietary, name deletion procedure involves a few keystrokes and insures client confidentiality and compliance with HIPAA (federal regulation 45 C.F.R. 164.501).

Test Data Input Verification: Allows the person, who inputs test data from the answer sheet into the computer, to verify the accuracy of their data input. In brief, test data is input twice, and any inconsistencies between the first and second data entries are highlighted, until corrected. When the first and second data entries match or are the same, the staff person can continue. This proprietary, test data input verification procedure is optional, yet, it is strongly recommended by Behavior Data Systems.

Inventory of Scientific Findings: Much of the SAI research has been gathered together in one document titled "SAI: An Inventory of Scientific Findings." This document summarizes SAI research chronologically -- as the studies were completed. This innovative, chronological, reporting format was established largely because of the SAI database, which permits annual database analysis of all tests administered. It, also, allows the reader to observe the evolution of the SAI into its current, state-of-the-art status.

Orientation and Training Manual: The SAI: Orientation and Training Manual (O&T Manual) explains how the SAI works. This manual is a must read for staff, who will be using the SAI. O&T Manual content includes, but is not limited to, the following: Instructions for testing, explanation of how scores are derived, description of how court and corrections information is used, description of unique SAI features, and much, much more. The O&T Manual is comprehensive and free.

Computer Operating Guide: Some computer operators want more information than others. Consequently, Behavior Data Systems provides a One-Page Quick Start, which includes basic instructions for scoring, and a more, comprehensive SAI: Computer Operating Guide. The Computer Operating Guide contains instructions for using MS-DOS, as well as Windows software. This manual discusses hardware, software, scoring, printing reports, unique program features, and much more. This manual is provided free.

Staff Training: Behavior Data Systems' staff is available to participate in SAI training programs. Behavior Data Systems' staff, typically, participates in 4-hour, or 6-hour, training sessions. This training can include hands-on computer scoring, as desired. Behavior Data Systems gives attendees certificates, attesting to their SAI training.

Staff training is, also, provided on Fridays at Behavior Data Systems' Phoenix offices, from 8:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m., or from 1:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. These training sessions are free. To participate, contact Behavior Data Systems at least ten days in advance. Participation is on a first call, first scheduled basis.

SAI Test Unit Fee (Cost): The following link takes interested parties to a description of the SAI's Test Unit Fee, or cost. Click on the SAI Test Unit Fee (Cost) link, for a complete discussion of SAI cost.

SAI-JUVENILE

The SAI has been modified for juvenile use. The juvenile version of the SAI is called the SAI-Juvenile. The SAI-Juvenile is designed to identify sexually deviate and paraphiliac behavior in juveniles accused, or convicted of sexual offenses.

The SAI-Juvenile has 230 items and takes 45 minutes to one hour to complete. SAI-Juvenile reports are scored and printed on-site, within 3 minutes. The SAI-Juvenile has the same, 13 measures (scales) as the adult SAI. These are: 1. Test Item Truthfulness Scale, 2. Sex Item Truthfulness Scale, 3. Sexual Adjustment Scale, 4. Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale, 5. Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale, 6. Exhibitionism Scale, 7. Incest Classification, 8. Alcohol Scale, 9. Drug Scale, 10. Violence (Lethality) Scale, 11. Antisocial Scale, 12. Distress Scale, and 13. Impulsiveness Scale.

In the SAI-Juvenile, much of the sexual deviancy language couldn't be changed. However, attempts were made to lower the SAI-Juvenile, reading level. The SAI-Juvenile sex-related language is needed, because much of the sexual deviancy and paraphiliac semantics are unique. To obtain relevant, sex offender information, you have to ask specific, sex-related questions.

The SAI-Juvenile has all the SAI's unique features, which have been discussed in this document. The SAI-Juvenile is designed to obtain comprehensive, sex offender information. The SAI-Juvenile screens many, relevant areas of inquiry in an objective, and standardized manner. The SAI-Juvenile is to be used in conjunction with a review of available records, interview by experienced staff, and victims/family interviews, when possible. Interested parties can click on the SAI-Juvenile link to go directly to the SAI-Juvenile webpage.

Why Select the SAI?

The SAI meets and exceeds most, sex offender screening criteria. It is endorsed by users and is widely used in the United States. The SAI has, repeatedly, been demonstrated to be reliable, valid, and accurate. Ongoing research continues to study and adjust for demographics, like age, gender, and ethnicity.

The SAI's thirteen scales are comprehensive. SAI identifies sexually deviate and paraphiliac behavior in people accused, or convicted of sexual offenses. In addition, the SAI explores important attitudes and behaviors that are all, too, commonly associated with inappropriate and illegal sexual acts. Here, we are discussing substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse, violence (lethality) predispositions, antisocial thinking, and feelings of distress, along with impulsiveness. In many sex offender cases, these attitudes and behaviors represent important areas of inquiry.

The SAI's built-in database facilitates cost-efficient database analysis and annual testing program summary. These two, unique features -- ongoing database analysis and annual summary reports -- are provided free.

Client's SAI reports are timely (available on-site in 3 minutes), readable, and easy to understand. Score-related recommendations are relevant. It is reasonable to conclude that the SAI is state-of-the-art in contemporary, sex offender screening. And, Behavior Data Systems doesn't stop there! The SAI is very affordable.

SAI Test Unit Fee (Cost)

SAI cost information can be reviewed by clicking on the Test Unit Fee (Cost) link. There is only the one cost, or charge, and that is the test unit fee. Everything else is included, at no additional cost to the test user. This includes test booklets, answer sheets, training manuals, upgrades, ongoing database research, annual summary testing reports, staff training, and support services. Do not be misled by some test publishers' à la carte pricing, like separate costs for each test administration, as well as for each of the test-related items listed above. Instead of asking for the test administration cost, ask for the total cost involved in using a test. We believe Behavior Data Systems' one, test unit fee is very affordable.

Free Examination Kit

A one-test, demonstration diskette is available on a 30-day, cost free basis. Demo diskettes are in Windows format, so that all the software is contained on the diskette. This way, the one-time, Windows setup program is avoided at the demo level. This examination kit has a one-test, demo diskette, test booklet (reusable), answer sheet (can photocopy), an SAI Orientation and Training Manual, One-Page Quick Start and some descriptive materials. Behavior Data Systems does want the demonstration diskette and test booklet returned within 30 days.

Selecting a Sex Offender Screening Test

If you are selecting a sex offender (male and female) assessment instrument, the following Comparison Checklist should prove helpful. This checklist itemizes important, assessment and screening qualities. The "Other" column represents any other test you might want to compare to the Sexual Adjustment Inventory.

TEST COMPARISON CHECKLIST
COMPARISON CATEGORIES	SAI	Other
Designed specifically for sex offender assessment	Yes
Standardized on thousands of sex offenders	Yes
Test reliability & validity research provided	Yes
Test completed in one hour	Yes
On-site reports within 3 minutes	Yes
Test Item Truthfulness Scale to detect faking	Yes
Sex Item Truthfulness Scale to detect faking	Yes
Truth-Corrected scores (improve accuracy)	Yes
Three test administration options	Yes
1. Paper-pencil (English and Spanish)	Yes
2. On computer screen (English and Spanish)	Yes
3. Human voice audio (English and Spanish)	Yes
Delete Client Names (insures confidentiality)	Yes
HIPAA (federal regulation) Compliant	Yes
Comprehensive assessment (13 scales or measures)	Yes
Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale	Yes
Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale	Yes
Exhibitionism Scale	Yes
Incest Classification	Yes
Sexual Adjustment Scale	Yes
Substance (alcohol and drugs) Abuse Scales	Yes
Violence (Lethality) Scale	Yes
Antisocial Scale	Yes
Distress Scale	Yes
Impulsiveness Scale	Yes
Research database built-in	Yes
SAI-Juvenile version	Yes
Includes relevant criminogenic needs	Yes
Multiple scales for predicting recidivism	Yes
ASAM Compatible Recommendations	Yes
Staff Training (Free)	Yes
Examination Kits (Free)	Yes
Very Affordable Test Unit Fee	Yes

SAI SCALE INTERPRETATION

An example, five-page, Sexual Adjustment Inventory (SAI) report follows this discussion of SAI interpretation. It is provided as a ready reference to augment this dialogue.  To go directly to the example, SAI report, click on the SAI Report link. There are several levels of SAI interpretation, ranging from viewing the SAI as a self-report, to interpreting scale elevations and scale interrelationships.

The following table is a starting point for interpreting SAI scale scores.

SAI Risk Ranges
Risk Category	Risk Range Percentile	Total Percentage
Low Risk	0 - 39%	39%
Medium Risk	40 - 69%	30%
Problem Risk	70 - 89%	20%
Severe Problem	90 - 100%	11%

A problem is not identified until a scale score is at the 70^th percentile, or higher. Elevated, scale scores refer to percentile scores that are at, or above the 70^th percentile. Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) scores indicate that the respondent has problems in the areas measured by the scale. Severe problems are indicated when a scale score is at, or above the 90^th percentile. Severe Problem risk scorers have very serious problems. Severe Problem scores represent the highest, 11 percent of respondents evaluated with the SAI. The SAI has been normed on thousands of sex offenders, and the normative sample continues to expand with each, SAI test that is administered.

SCALE INTERPRETATION

An SAI interpretation includes all, 13, SAI scales and how they interact. Such an endeavor, although worthwhile, exceeds this document's purpose. The following discussion is limited to sex-related scales. This includes the Sex Item Truthfulness Scale and the five, sexual deviate/paraphiliac scales, and their interaction. Discussion of the Test Item Truthfulness Scale and the six, non-sex item scales comes later in this scale interpretation discussion.

Space does not allow for a complete discussion of the interaction between sexual deviate/ paraphiliac scales and non-sex item scales. These interrelationships are, often, a part of the sexual incident, or encounter that has brought the defendant to the court's attention.

 

SAI SCALE INTERPRETATION SUMMARY

SIX SEX-RELATED SCALES

Sex Item Truthfulness Scale   Sexual Adjustment Scale   Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale   Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale   Exhibitionism Scale   Incest Classification

SAI SCALE INTERPRETATION

Sex Item Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the respondent was while completing scales containing sex items. SAI items are direct, with no attempt to deceive or trick respondents; consequently, items with a sexual connotation are easily recognized. The Sex Item Truthfulness Scale is designed to detect the bright, sex offender, who answers non-sex related items honestly, but minimizes, denies, or attempts to fake sex-related item answers.

Sex Item Truthfulness Scale scores at, or above the 70^th percentile do not occur by chance. These elevated, scale scores require a definite pattern of deviant answers for them to occur. Sex Item Truthfulness Scale scores at, or below the 89^th percentile mean that all, sex-related scale scores are accurate. Sex Item Truthfulness Scale scores at, or above the 90^th percentile mean that all sexual deviate/paraphiliac scales are inaccurate, or invalid. Reasons for such invalidity include client problem minimization, reading things into test items that aren't there, or the client was attempting to fake good.

Clients, with reading impairments, may also score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range. A few questions about the client's education and reading abilities, usually, clarify the presence of a reading impairment.

Some paraphilias are rather common to sex offenders, and these include: Sexual adjustment (unsatisfying sex life), child (pedophile) molestation, sexual (rape) assault, exhibitionism (exposure of genitals), and incest (sex with close family member). People with paraphilias, often, manifest several varieties at the same time.

Sexual Adjustment Scale: Measures a client's self-reported sexual satisfaction. This scale reflects the client's satisfaction, or dissatisfaction with their sex life. Elevated scores (70^th percentile or higher) indicate dissatisfaction; whereas, Severe Problem (90^th to 100th percentile) scorers reveal an impaired, or very, unsatisfying sexual adjustment. Sexual Adjustment scores at, or above the 70^th percentile do not occur by chance. Elevated, scale scores require a definite pattern of deviant answers to the scale's items, for a score at, or above the 70^th percentile, to occur.

A person's sexual adjustment is compared with society's standards, rules, norms, and statutes. Some people's sexual attitudes and behaviors are unacceptable in our society, because they are harmful to others. In these cases, the people involved are classified as sexually maladjusted. We do not have to judge the causes, motives, or purposes of such behaviors, to classify them as maladjusted. Most people in our society agree (or disagree) with each Sexual Adjustment Scale item.

The assessor (evaluator or staff) should review all other, SAI scale scores to identify codeterminants and stressors. For example, a client could have an elevated, Sexual Adjustment Scale score, along with other, sexual deviate scores. The "other" elevated, scale score(s) could add guilt, concern, or distress to the respondent's perceived, sexual adjustment. Other, elevated SAI scale scores could exacerbate existing problems or concerns and, thereby, contribute to a client's perceived, sexual maladjustment. Sexual Adjustment Scale scores can be interpreted independently, or in combination with other, SAI scale scores.

Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale: Measures "pedophilia" or the client's interests and sexual urges involving prepubescent children. Note that isolated sexual acts with children do not, necessarily, warrant the Pedophile label.

Pedophilia refers to a pathological, sexual interest in children. Regardless of the etiology, pedophile's sexual expression is released toward children. Attraction to girls is reported twice as much as sexual attraction to boys.

Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) Child Molest Scale scorers are attracted to young boys and girls. Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) scorers have established sexual interests in young boys and/or girls. They have a high probability of engaging in pedophilia. They are capable of acting on their urges. However, child molestation should be independently corroborated, whenever possible.

An elevated, (70^th or higher percentile) Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale score does not occur by chance. A definite, pattern of deviant responses is required to have an elevated, Child Molest score.

Other, elevated sexual deviate/paraphiliac scales, in conjunction with an elevated Child Molest Scale score, identify other important areas for further inquiry. Similarly, elevated, non-sex item scales could identify psychosocial stressors. For example, a Severe Problem Alcohol or Drug Scale score, in combination with an elevated Child Molest Scale score, could influence the direction of subsequent inquiry. The Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale score can be interpreted independently, or in combination with other SAI scale scores.

Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale: Measures sexual violence proneness. Rape refers to sexual assault or sexual intercourse against the will, and over the objections of the client's partner. Sexual assault is, often, accompanied by force or the threat of force. Many believe rape is not so much a sexual act, rather, an act of hostility and aggression. Rape is a crime of violence. However, Sexual Assault and Violence Scale scores can vary, because of the sexual versus non-sexual nature of these scales' items. Both, females and males can be raped. Rapists usually inflict some degree of bodily injury, in forcing themselves upon their victims.

A Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) Sexual Assault Scale score is observed in sexually aggressive people with sexually violent tendencies. A Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) Sexual Assault Scale score identifies people, who either fantasize, or engage in violent sex. These individuals are capable of sexual assault.

An elevated, (70^th to 89^th percentile) or Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) Sexual Assault Scale score does not occur by chance. A definite pattern of deviant responses is required to have an elevated, Sexual Assault Scale score. Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) Sexual Assault Scale scorers have a high, probability of sexual assault.

Other, elevated SAI scale scores, in conjunction with a Severe Problem Sexual Assault Scale score, can provide insight into the sex offender's situation, while identifying important areas for subsequent, inquiry. For example, a Severe Problem Violence Scale score, in conjunction with an elevated Sexual Assault Scale score would influence subsequent, inquiry and treatment. This person is violent in life, as well as in sexual relationships. All that is needed is a triggering mechanism, like opportunity, alcohol, or drugs. The Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale can be interpreted independently, or in combination with other SAI scale scores.

Exhibitionism Scale: Measures the probability of the client exposing their genitals to a stranger. In these instances, there is, generally, no attempt at further sexual activity with the stranger. Exhibitionism is defined in the DSM-IV (p. 256) as "recurrent intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving the exposure of one's genitals to an unsuspecting stranger." Exhibitionism is one of the most common, or prevalent sexual deviations.

A characteristic common to all forms of sexual deviation is their repetitive, compulsive, and patterned nature. This is, particularly, evident in exhibitionism.

A Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) Exhibitionism Scale score identifies people with exhibitionistic tendencies. A Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) Exhibitionism Scale score identifies people with a high, probability of being exhibitionists. The Exhibitionism Scale can be interpreted independently, or in combination with other SAI scale scores.

Incest Classification: Measures incestuous behavior. Incest refers to coitus between persons related by blood or marriage, i.e., parents, siblings, or children. Non-coital forms of sexual intercourse do not constitute incest. And, incest does not refer to persons of the same sex. Incest is most common between brother and sister, and the next, most common form is between father and daughter. Incest is a criminal act.

Of the six, non-sex item scales, the Alcohol Scale, Drug Scale, and the Incest Scale could be important factors involved in initial, incestuous relationships. However, incest has many character disorder features. It is a complex term involving moral, social, and religious attitudes.

Summary of sex-related SAI scales: The Sexual Adjustment Inventory (SAI) is designed to identify sexually deviate and paraphiliac behavior in people accused, convicted, or treated for sexual offenses.

The Sex Item Truthfulness Scale determines if the client was open and honest while answering sex-related items. These sex-related scales include the Sexual Adjustment Scale, Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale, Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale, Incest Classification and Exhibitionism Scale. The remaining, seven, non-sex item scales will now be discussed.

* * * * *

NON SEX RELATED SCALES

SEVEN NON-SEX-RELATED SCALES

1. Test Item Truthfulness Scale 2. Alcohol Scale 3. Drug Scale 4. Violence (Lethality) Scale 5. Antisocial Scale 6. Distress Scale 7. Impulsiveness Scale

SAI SCALE INTERPRETATION

The SAI is designed for paraphilia and sexual offender assessment. Yet, it contains other areas of inquiry that are also important in understanding the sex offender. The SAI is much, more than just another, sex test. The SAI measures a wide variety of behaviors considered important in sex offender evaluations.

Test Item Truthfulness Scale: Measures how truthful the client was while completing non-sex items in the SAI. It identifies guarded and defensive people, who attempt to minimize their problems, or fake good. It, also, identifies reading impaired clients.

The Test Item Truthfulness Scale has been correlated with non-sex item scales in the SAI. A Truth-Correction equation, then, converts raw scale scores to Truth-Corrected scores. Raw scores reflect what the client wants you to know. Truth-Corrected scores reveal what the client is trying to hide. Truth-Corrected scores are more accurate than raw scores.

Test Item Truthfulness Scale scores at or above the 90^th percentile mean that all non-sex item scales are inaccurate or invalid. Reasons for such invalidity include client minimization of problems, reading things into items that aren't there, or the client was attempting to fake good. Test Item Truthfulness Scale scores at, or below the 89^th percentile mean that all, non-sex item scale scores are accurate.

Clients, with reading impairments, may also score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range. A few questions about the client's education and reading abilities, usually, clarify the presence of a reading impairment. If the client can read the newspaper, he/she can read the SAI.

Why two, truthfulness scales? In sex offender evaluation, it is important to know if the client is truthful. The Sex Item Truthfulness Scale determines if the client was truthful when answering test items with an obvious, sexual connotation. In contrast, the Test Item Truthfulness Scale determines if the client was truthful when answering non-sex-related items.

These two, truthfulness scales are presented (percentile score and graph) adjacent to each other on the first page of the SAI report, to facilitate easy comparison. At a glance, SAI users know: a. If the client lied to sex item questions, b. If the client lied to non-sex item questions, c. If the client lied to both, sex-related and non-sex-related questions, or d. If the client answered SAI items honestly. These, truth versus dishonest, answer options are straight-forward, yet, very important when evaluating sex offenders. These proprietary, truthfulness scales provide a wealth of respondent information, before staff even looks at SAI scale scores. Other, assessment instruments and tests do not provide such information about client honesty. Comparison, of these truthfulness scales provides considerable, insight into client motivation, evasiveness strategies, (if they exist) and intent.

Alcohol Scale: Measures the severity of alcohol use or abuse. Alcohol refers to beer, wine, or other liquor. Alcohol use or abuse is, often, an important factor to be understood when evaluating people accused, or convicted of a sex offense.

Alcohol is a significant problem in our society. The harm associated with alcohol abuse -- mental, emotional and physical -- is well documented. All, too, frequently, sex offenders state they were intoxicated when the offense occurred.

A Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) Alcohol Scale score identifies emerging drinking problems. An Alcohol Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies serious and established, drinking problems.

Elevated, Alcohol Scale and Drug Scale scores indicate polysubstance abuse, and the higher score, often, reflects the client's substance of choice. Elevated, Alcohol Scale and Violence Scale scores are a malignant sign. Alcohol abuse can magnify a person's violent tendencies. Similarly, alcohol abuse can serve as a release mechanism for antisocial thinking and behavior. Alcohol Scale scores in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range compound client risk, even more. Judgment, often, decreases as alcohol consumption increases. Elevated, Alcohol and Distress Scale scores may, initially, represent an attempt to self-medicate, while intoxication may exacerbate suicidal ideation. The more of these scales that are elevated with the Alcohol Scale, the more problem prone the client's situation becomes. The Alcohol Scale can be interpreted individually, or in combination with other SAI scale scores. When alcohol abuse is problematic, it becomes an important part of the sex offender's treatment program.

Drug Scale: Measures drug use and abuse. Illicit drug use has become a serious problem in our society. Drugs refer to marijuana, crack, cocaine, ice, amphetamines, barbiturates, and heroin.

A Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) Drug Scale score identifies emerging drug problems. A Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) Drug Scale score identifies established, and very, serious drug problems.

Elevated, Alcohol, Violence, Antisocial and Distress Scales with an elevated Drug Scale score, are malignant signs. Drug abuse can be part of polysubstance (drugs and alcohol) abuse, exacerbate violent tendencies, magnify antisocial beliefs (paranoia), and further, impair judgment. Elevated, Drug and Distress Scale scores may represent attempts at self-medication; whereas, severe scores may represent suicidal thinking and acting out potential. The more of these scales that are elevated with the Drug Scale, the more problem prone the client's situation becomes. The Drug Scale can be interpreted individually, or in combination with other scale scores. When drug use is problematic, it becomes an important factor to be worked through, in sex offender treatment programs.

Violence (Lethality) Scale: Measures the client's use of physical force to injure, damage, and destroy. The Violence Scale identifies people, who are dangerous to themselves and others.

A Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) Violence Scale score identifies violence-prone individuals. A Violence Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies very, violent and dangerous people. Some people are "violence-prone" and, often, have a chip on their shoulders. They are sensitive to perceived insults, want to "get even," and overtly, act out, with little provocation.

Elevated Alcohol, Drug, Antisocial, and Distress Scales, with an elevated Violence Scale are dangerous combinations, because each, of these scales, represents potential, violence magnifiers. When the elevated Distress Scale score is higher than the elevated Violence Scale score, anticipate an emotionally, overwhelmed person who is in great pain and is manifesting suicidal thinking. Elevated, Antisocial Scale and Violence Scale scorers are problematic, in that the clients may externalize their violent feelings to others, authority, institutions, or federal agencies. Severe Problem Violence Scale scorers are dangerous to themselves and others. The Violence Scale can be interpreted individually, or in combination with other SAI scale scores.

Antisocial Scale: Measures aggressive, impulsive and, sometimes, violent behavior that flouts social and ethical codes, such as laws relating to personal and property rights. Antisocial people are, often, opposed to society, or existing organizations and moral codes. Antisocial attitudes and behavior are characterized by lack of responsibility, poor judgment, and a seeming, inability to learn from experience.

Elevated, Antisocial Scale scores in the Problem Risk (70^th to 89^th percentile) range identify emerging antisocial tendencies. An Antisocial Scale score in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range identifies established and extreme antisocial attitudes and behavior.

Elevated, Antisocial and Violence Scale scores represent a dangerous profile in which the client, often, focuses their violent actions against society and its institutions. The higher the scores are, the more dangerous the individual.

Elevated, Alcohol and Drug Scales are, often, associated with impaired judgment. Judgment impairments become more extreme, as these scale scores escalate into the Severe Problem range.

An elevated, Antisocial Scale score, in combination with an elevated Distress Scale score, can be problematic, particularly in the Severe Problem range. These scale scores, often, identify people on the verge of being emotionally overwhelmed, (anxiety, depression and distress) with established, antisocial thinking exacerbated. In these instances, the client feels, progressively, more and more isolated and desperate. Such people can be dangerous to themselves and others. The Antisocial Scale can be interpreted individually, or in combination with other SAI scale scores.

Distress Scale: Measures experienced pain, (physical and mental) hurt, and suffering. The Distress Scale provides a quantitative score that varies, directly, with the client's self-reported symptoms. This definition of distress incorporates medical problems, pain, and suffering. Distress is one of the most common reasons people initiate counseling, or psychotherapy. And, it, often, serves as the beginning point in clinical inquiry. The magnitude of the Distress Scale is important. Elevated scores at, or above the 70^th percentile level indicate that something is wrong. Distress Scale scores in the Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) range indicate the client is hurting, on the verge of being overwhelmed, and desperate. These individuals are, often, desperate and need help. Consideration should be given to referring these individuals to a certified/licensed mental health professional for a diagnosis and treatment plan.

Sometimes, elevated Alcohol and Drug Scale scores, in conjunction with an elevated Distress Scale score, identify hurting individuals, who are attempting to self-medicate. Concurrently, elevated, Violence and Distress Scale scores are problematic. The highest, Severe Problem score can provide insight regarding internalization (suicide) or externalization (explosive/homicide) of frustration, hostility, and distress. These are malignant, prognostic signs. Severe Problem (90^th to 100^th percentile) Antisocial and Distress Scale scores are descriptive of a very, dangerous person. Add in an elevated Violence Scale, and such a person could engage in terrorist-type behaviors. The Distress Scale can be interpreted independently, or in combination with other, SAI scales. An elevated, Distress Scale score, with elevated sex-related scales, would have a very, direct interpretation, in terms of dissatisfaction, unhappiness, or guilt. A person with a Severe Problem Distress Scale score, typically, will readily discuss their feelings with a sincerely, interested staff member.

Impulsiveness Scale: Identifies people, who abruptly engage in activities without adequate forethought, reflection, or consideration of consequences. There are several definitions of "impulsive" on the web that use a variety of words, like "without forethought," "capricious," "whim," "undue haste," and "impetuous."

An elevated, (70th percentile or higher) Impulsiveness Scale score characterizes people, who are impulsive and, often, act without deliberation. Although quick to act or respond, these people are not out of control. Problem risk (70 to 89th percentile) scorers are hasty and tend to act without reflection or consideration of consequences. Problem risk Impulsiveness Scale scorers are capable of impulsive offending. In contrast, Low Risk (zero to 39th percentile) scorers and Medium Risk scorers would not engage in impulsive offending, as they would, typically, deliberate, think of the consequences and act with forethought.

Severe Problem Risk (90 to 100th percentile) scorers are very impulsive people, who typically act without forethought or consideration of consequences in most, if not all of their life. Impulsivity could be a factor in their offending if such were to occur. Impulsiveness could be an important contributing factor in sexual offending per se.

SAI SUMMARY

As stated earlier, the following table is a starting point for interpreting SAI scale scores.

SAI RISK RANGES
Risk Category	Risk Range Percentile	Total Percentage
Low Risk	0 - 39%	39%
Medium Risk	40 - 69%	30%
Problem Risk	70 - 89%	20%
Severe Problem	90 - 100%	11%

A problem is not identified until a scale score is at, or above the 70^th percentile. Elevated scale scores refer to percentile scores that are at, or above the 70^th percentile. Severe Problem scores are at or above the 90^th percentile. Problem Risk scores represent 20 percent, of respondents evaluated with the SAI. Severe Problem scores represent the highest, 11 percent of respondents evaluated with the SAI. The SAI has been normed on thousands of sex offenders, and this normative sample continues to expand, with each SAI test that is administered.

SAI SCALE SUMMARY

THIRTEEN SAI SCALES

1. Test Item Truthfulness Scale   2. Sex Item Truthfulness Scale   3. Sexual Adjustment Scale   4. Child (Pedophile) Molest Scale   5. Sexual (Rape) Assault Scale   6. Exhibitionism Scale   7. Incest Classification   8. Alcohol Scale   9. Drug Scale 10. Violence Scale 11. Antisocial Scale 12. Distress Scale 13. Impulsiveness Scale

Sex offender assessment is, particularly, complex, involving clinical considerations (victim and perpetrator), concern about harm to others, and legal issues. Such evaluation should include record review, interviews, and test results. No decision should be based, solely, upon test results.

In conclusion, the Sexual Adjustment Inventory, or SAI, measures a wide variety of attitudes and behaviors that are important for understanding sex offenders. In addition to identifying sexual deviates and paraphilias, the SAI quantifies client substance (alcohol and other drugs) abuse, violence, and lethal acting out potential, antisocial thinking, distress (anxiety and depression), and impulsiveness. The SAI provides information, important for the identification and understanding, of people who inappropriately act on their sexual urges.

Additional information can be provided, upon request.

SAI EXAMPLE REPORT

Within 3 minutes of test data entry, automated, (computer-scored) 5-page reports are printed on-site. These reports summarize a lot of information, in an easily understood format. For example, these reports include a SAI profile (graph) for sex-related scales (page 2) and non-sex-related scales (page 3), which summarize client findings, at a glance. Also, included are attained scale scores, an explanation of what each score means, and specific, score-related recommendations. Significant items (direct admissions) are highlighted, and answers to the built-in interview (last sequence of multiple choice items) are presented. Emphasis is placed on having meaningful and understandable reports.

Reference

    Lindeman, H. H. (2005), Chapter 7, Sex Offender Tests
    SAI and SAI-Juvenile.
    Schwartz, B.A. (Ed.), The Sex Offender: Issues in
    Assessment, Chapter 7, Volume V (pp. 7-1 -- 7-32)
    Civic Research Institute.

    Lindeman, H. H. (2011), Chapter 2, Sex Offender Assessment
    Sexual Adjustment Inventory.
    Schwartz, B.A. (Ed.), Handbook of Sex Offender Treatment
    Chapter 22 (pp. 22-1 -- 22-36). Civic Research Institute.

Additional information can be provided upon request by writing:
Behavior Data Systems, Ltd.
P.O. Box 44256
Phoenix, Arizona 85064-4256

Our telephone number is (602) 234-3506.
Our fax number is (602) 266-8227.
and our e-mail address is bds@bdsltd.com.